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Microcontrollers ApNote AP242401
Ceramic Resonator Oscillators and the C500 and C166 Microcontroller Families
The microcontrollers of the C500/C166 Family include the active part of the oscillator. This document explains the ceramic resonator oscillator functionality and gives recommendations for the right composition of external circuits. Author : Peter Mariutti / MD AE Munich
04.99, Rel. 01
Ceramic Resonator Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
Contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 4 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9 10
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Differences between Quartz Crystals and Ceramic Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Different Types of Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Difference of the Start-up and Oscillation Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quartz Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramic Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter of the C500 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter of the C166 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter Type_R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter Type_LP1 and Type_LP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator-Inverter Type_RTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9
Fundamental Mode and 3rd Overtone Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Oscillator Start-up Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Definition of the Oscillator Start-up Time tst_up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Definition of the Oscillator Off Time toff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Irregular Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to suppress spurious Oscillation at wrong Overtone Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suppression of Fundamental Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suppression of 5th Overtone Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suppression of RC and LC Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Way of Proceeding to determine the Load Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced Way of Proceeding to determine the Load Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Matrix for the Load Capacitors CX1 and CX2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Matrix for the series damping Resistor Rx2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Matrix for the external feedback Resistor Rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Matrix for a Combination of CX1, CX2, Rx2 and Rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of Loop Gain (Safety Factor) with Negative Resistance Method . . . . . . . . . . Principle of the Negative Resistance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure of a Loop Gain (Safety Factor) Test in the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Circuitry Layout Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoid Capacitive Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoid Parallel Tracks of High Frequency Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise Reduction on Ground of the Load Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correct Module Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layout Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25
Used Short Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Recommendations of the Ceramic Resonator Manufacturer Murata . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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11 12 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.3 12.3.1 12.4 12.4.1 12.5 12.5.1 12.6 12.6.1 12.7 12.7.1 12.8 12.8.1 12.9 12.9.1 13 13.1 13.2 13.2.1 13.3 13.3.1 13.4 13.4.1 13.5 13.5.1 14
General Information using the Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix C500 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Relation between Device Type, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List . C500 Family: Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter, List 1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter, List 1b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter, List 2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter, List 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter, List 3b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter, List 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter, List 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter, List 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C166 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Relation between Device Type, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_LP1 / Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C166 Family: Type_LP1 / Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter, List LP1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Murata Sales Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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AP242401 ApNote - Revision History Actual Revision : 04.99 Page of Page of actual Rev. prev.Rel. Previous Revision : -Subjects (changes since last release)
is a trademark of Murata
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1
Introduction
This Application Note provides basic knowledge necessary to understand the behavior of a ceramic resonator in the application. The content concerning the measurements to find the right external circuits is a general information and is valid for all pierce oscillators using an oscillator-inverter. The appendix includes recommendations for different members of the C500 and C166 Family. The cooperation between the IC oscillator and the ceramic resonator is not always working properly because of a wrong composition of external circuits or using a resonator including capacitors with wrong values. Therefore Infineon Technologies (MD AE) and Murata built up a cooperation to support our customers with the appropriate knowledge to guarantee a problem-free operation of the oscillator. The effort for the determination of the external circuits of a ceramic resonator oscillator is much more extensive than for a quartz crystal oscillator. Because of that Murata offers the service to check the original PCB of the customer and gives a recommendation for the right type of resonator and right composition of external circuits.
2 2.1
Differences between Quartz Crystals and Ceramic Resonators Fundamental Differences
The physical base of both components is the piezo electrical effect which transforms electrical power to vibration. A quartz crystal (also called quartz crystal resonator) consists of a synthetic single crystal with single polar axes. The basis material of a ceramic resonator is sintered ceramic powder. This polycrystal material with random polar axis gets a polarization treatment with high voltage to remain in permanent polarization. The following table shows the general differences between a quartz crystal and a ceramic resonator. It claims not to be complete!
Table 1 General Differences between Quartz Crystals and Ceramic Resonators Ceramic Resonator Price Factor (depends on quality) Frequency Tolerance over all Mechanical Shock Resistance Tank for Overtone Oscillation Tendency to spurious Oscillation Integrated Caps available Drive Level Dependence of R1(DLD) Drive Level free Circuit Design 1 high very good no high yes no yes Quartz Crystal 2 low good yes low no yes no
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The table below is a rough overview about the principle technical differences between a quartz crystal and a ceramic resonator concerning the frequency tolerance and start-up behavior. The values in the table are given in ppm (10-6) and refer to the specified frequency of the component. The included values are rough estimations! For a detailed information please refer to the specifications of the components.
Table 2 Principal technical Differences between Quartz Crystals and Ceramic Resonators Ceramic Resonator Aging (for 10 years at room temperature) Initial Frequency Tolerance Temperature Characteristics Load Capacitance Characteristics Oscillation Rise Time Quality Factor (Qm) 3000 ppm 2000 ... 5000 ppm 20 ... 50 ppm/C 100 ... 350 ppm/pF 0.01 ... 0.5 msec 100 ... 5'000 Quartz Crystal 10 ppm 20 ppm 0.5 ppm/C 15 ppm/pF 1 ... 10 msec 10000 ... 500000
2.2
Different Types of Resonators
Quartz crystals for a frequency range from 1MHz to 40MHz are offered for fundamental mode and for 3rd overtone mode. 3rd overtone mode is typically used for a clock frequency higher than 25 MHz because of safety factor and mechanical stability. But up to now quartz crystals are not offered with integrated load capacitors. Ceramic resonators for the same frequency range are typically used in 3rd overtone mode for a clock frequency higher than 12MHz. A ceramic resonator used in 3rd overtone mode needs no tank circuit. The ceramic resonators are also offered with integrated load capacitors. These devices are called 3 terminal types. The ceramic resonators without integrated capacitors are called 2 terminal types. See figure below. The 3 terminal type is used in most low cost applications and the problem during evaluation is, that it is not possible to vary CX1 and CX2 to lower values than the already integrated ones. Murata uses for the analysis special resonators without the integrated capacitors but with the same electrical parameters as the 3 terminal type. This is one of the main reasons why the customer is not able to perform a complete analysis of the oscillator reliability. Note: The typical electrical characteristic of the ceramic resonators can differ from type to type. Therefore for each different type of ceramic resonator an analysis for start-up and oscillation reliability has to be made.
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2.3
Difference of the Start-up and Oscillation Behavior
Based on the physical difference between quartz crystals and ceramic resonators there are different analysis methods necessary.
2.3.1 Quartz Crystal The main problem to characterize the start-up and oscillation reliability is the drive level dependency (DLD) of R1 and the overall tolerance of the oscillator circuitry. During start-up time the drive level of the oscillation is very small and is increased up to the maximum. During that time the resistance of the crystal can reach very high values because crystals show resistance dips depending on the drive level and temperature. This effect is called drive level dependence. The DLD of a quartz crystal depends on the quality and can alter during production and during the life time of the crystal. If the resistance dips of the crystal increase in a range where the loop gain of the oscillator is lower than one, then the oscillation cannot start. The test for start-up and oscillation reliability is done with the 'negative resistance' method. ApNote 2420xx describes how to perform this test
2.3.2 Ceramic Resonator The ceramic resonator shows no DLD of R1. Therefore R1 depends only on variation in production. The main problem to characterize the start-up and oscillation reliability of a ceramic resonator is the tendency to irregular oscillation. This so called 'spurious' oscillation of the ceramic resonator is based on the ability to oscillate on 3rd overtone without tank. A tank consists of an additional external capacitance and inductance to suppress the oscillation in fundamental mode. The impedance shows a maximum at 3rd overtone for a ceramic resonator running at 3rd overtone. The impedance at fundamental and 5th overtone is smaller than at 3rd overtone. The 3rd overton response (main response) is larger than the fundamental and 5th one. Depending on gain and phase of the oscillator circuit (C, external circuit and parasitics of the PCB) spurious oscillation can occur. Therefore most of the evaluation effort has to be spent to check the tendency to spurious oscillation. Note: Long wiring tends to support spurious oscillation by increasing inductance!
3 Terminal Type 2 Terminal Type
Figure 1 : 2 Terminal Type and 3 Terminal Type Ceramic Resonators
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3
Oscillator-Inverter
The microcontrollers of the C500/C166 Family include the active part of the oscillator (also called oscillator-inverter). Based on the history and evolution of the microcontrollers there are different oscillator-inverters implemented in the C500/C166 Family members. Due to the same reason, the meaning of XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins is different. In this Application Note and at the C166 Family, XTAL1 is the oscillator-inverter input while XTAL2 is the output. At the C500 Family it is recommended to have a closer look to the Data Sheet of each device. The on-chip oscillator-inverter can either run with an external ceramic resonator and appropriate external oscillator circuitry (also called passive part of the oscillator) or it can be driven by an external oscillator. The external oscillator directly connected to XTAL1, leaving XTAL2 open, feeds the external clock signal to the internal clock circuitry. The oscillator input XTAL1 and output XTAL2 connect the internal CMOS Pierce oscillator to the external ceramic resonator. The oscillator provides an inverter and a feedback element. The resistance of the feedback element is in the range from 0.5 to 1 M. Depending on the type of oscillator-inverter the gain can be different during and after reset. The appendix gives separate recommendations for each oscillator-inverter type.
3.1
Oscillator-Inverter of the C500 Family
Based on the history and increasing CPU frequency there are many different oscillator-inverter types. The oscillator-inverter types differ in gain and frequency. The gain of these types of oscillator-inverters is the same during reset active and reset inactive. These oscillators are optimized for operating frequencies in the range from 2.0 (3.5) to 20 (40) MHz. For details refer to the appendix or Data Sheets.
3.2
Oscillator-Inverter of the C166 Family
The oscillator-inverters of the C166 Family are distinguished in groups of standard oscillatorinverters for frequencies up to 40 MHz, Low Power oscillator-inverters for low power consumption and Real Time Clock oscillator-inverters for a frequency range of 32.768 kHz 50%.
3.2.1 Oscillator-Inverter Type_R This type of inverter is implemented in most of the current C166 Family derivatives. The gain of the Type_R oscillator-inverter is high during reset is active and is Reduced by one-third when reset is inactive. This feature provides an excellent start-up behavior and a reduced supply current for the oscillator during normal operation mode. The Type_R oscillator-inverter is optimized for an operating frequency range of 3.5 to 40 MHz.
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3.2.2 Oscillator-Inverter Type_LP1 and Type_LP2 This type of inverter is a Low Power oscillator, version 1 and version 2. Inverter Type_LP2 is the actual version and will be implemented in new derivatives of the C166 Family with power management. The Type_LP oscillator-inverter is a high sophisticated module with a high gain but low power consumption. The gain of the Type_LP oscillator-inverter is the same during reset active and reset inactive. This oscillator-inverter is optimized for an operating frequency range from 3.5 to 16 MHz. For input frequencies above 25 ... 30 MHz provided by an external oscillator the oscillator's output (XTAL2) should be terminated with a 15 pF capacitance and a 3 k resistor in series to GND. 3.2.3 Oscillator-Inverter Type_RTC The auxiliary oscillator-inverter is a Real Time Clock oscillator with a low power consumption and it is optimized for a frequency range of 32.768 kHz 50%. This oscillator can only be used with a quartz crystal because the load capacitance of a ceramic resonator is too high.
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4
Fundamental Mode and 3rd Overtone Mode
The ceramic resonators recommended in the appendix are used in fundamental mode and 3rd overtone mode. For detailed information have a look at the specification of the ceramic resonator. As already mentioned a ceramic resonator needs no tank to run in 3rd overtone mode. The standard external oscillator circuitry for fundamental mode or 3rd overtone mode, see figure below, includes a ceramic resonator, two low end capacitors CX1 and CX2, a feed back resistor Rf to reduce gain and a series resistor RX2 to vary gain and phase. The feed back resistor Rf and the series resistor RX2 are not always used. The need depends on oscillator frequency, the type of ceramic resonator, and on the application system. A test resistor RQ may be temporarily inserted to measure the loop gain of the oscillator circuitry. The principle how to check the start-up reliability will be explained in detail later.
Fundamental Mode or 3rd Overtone Mode: (2 ... 40 MHz)
to internal clock circuitry Rfint
XTAL1 (XTAL2) Rf RX2 Q RQ
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
CX1
CX2
GND Figure 2 Oscillator Circuitry for Fundamental Mode and 3rd Overtone Mode
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5
Oscillator Start-up Time
Based on small electrical system noise or thermic noise caused by resistors, the oscillation starts with a very small amplitude. Due to the amplification of the oscillator-inverter, the oscillation amplitude increases and reaches its maximum after a certain time period tst_up (start-up time). Typical values of the start-up time for a ceramic resonator are within the range of 0.01 msec tst_up 0.5 msec. Theoretically the oscillator-inverter performs a phase shift of 180, and the external circuitry performs a phase shift of 180 to fulfill the oscillation condition of an oscillator. A total phase shift of 360 is necessary. In reality, the phase shift of the oscillator-inverter depends on the oscillator frequency and is approximately in the range of 100 to 210. It is necessary to compose the external components in a way that a total phase shift of 360 is performed. This can be achieved by a variation of the external components. Note: The external hardware reset signal has to be active for a longer time period than the oscillator start-up time in order to prevent undefined effects. Note: Because of different gain in some oscillator-inverters during reset active and reset inactive it is recommended to consider the oscillation in both phases of the reset signal. Further the application system activity starting after reset is inactive can have an influence on the oscillator.
5.1
Definition of the Oscillator Start-up Time tst_up
The definition of the oscillator start-up time is not a well defined value in literature. Generally it depends on the power supply rise time (dVDD/dt) at power on, on the electrical system noise, and on the oscillation amplitude. For this Application Note the oscillator start-up time tst_up is defined from VDD/2 to 0.9*VOSC_max of the stable oscillation, see figure below.
Supply Voltage at XTAL2 Output VDD
VDD/2
0.9*VOSC_max
Signal at XTAL2 Output
VOSC_max
t tst_up Figure 3 Oscillator Start-up Time
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5.2
Definition of the Oscillator Off Time toff
Measurement of the oscillator start-up time is normally done periodically. After switching off power supply, the oscillation continues until the whole reactive power oscillating between inductance and capacitance is consumed. Therefore the time between switching the power supply off and on (toff) must not be too short in order to get reproduceable results otherwise the start-up times can differ very much. toff depends on the composition of the oscillator components. It is recommended to use an oscillation off time toff 0.1 sec, see figure below.
VDD
t toff Figure 4 Oscillator Off Time toff
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6
Irregular Oscillation
The tendency of a ceramic resonator to irregular oscillation is based on different effects and can be classified in two types. First one is the oscillation at the spurious response of a ceramic resonator. This spurious response can be at fundamental mode oscillation or at 5th overtone mode oscillation for a ceramic resonator specified for 3rd overtone mode. Second one is the oscillation were the ceramic resonator works just as a capacitor RC or LC oscillation. Replacing the ceramic resonator with a capacitor of approximately the same value as the static capacitance C0 of the ceramic resonator shows the same oscillation frequency as the ceramic resonator but this oscillation frequency is not the specified one. Below are different methods of eliminating the chance of irregular oscillation of a ceramic resonator.
6.1
How to suppress spurious Oscillation at wrong Overtone Modes
Ceramic resonators designed for 3rd overtone mode have more chance of irregular oscillation due to the existence of both, fundamental and 5th overtone spurious responses.
6.1.1 Suppression of Fundamental Oscillation In the case of spurious oscillation at fundamental mode the loop gain and phase shift of the oscillator (active and passive part) are too small at 3rd overtone mode. The countermeasure is to increase both parameters. This can be done with the following methods:
i Using smaller values of the load capacitors CX1 and CX2 i Using a smaller value of the internal feedback resistor Rfint by adding an external feedback
resistor Rf within the range 10 k Rf 100 k.
6.1.2 Suppression of 5th Overtone Oscillation In the case of spurious oscillation at 5th overtone mode the loop gain at 5th overtone can be decreased with the following methods:
i Using higher values of the load capacitors CX1 and CX2 i Adding a series resistor Rx2 (damping resistor, 10 RX2 10 k) or to increase the Rx2
value. Because Rx2 reduces loop gain. Furthermore Rx2 and CX2 work as a low pass filter.
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6.2
Suppression of RC and LC Oscillation
If the ceramic resonator works just as a capacitor then changing the external circuit condition can disable this irregular oscillation. This can be achieved by:
i Change the values of the loading capacitors with the relation CX1 = CX2 i Change the values of the loading capacitors with the relation CX1 CX2 i Add a series damping resistor Rx2 i Add an external feedback resistor Rf
If no solution is found a re-layout of the PCB might be required. Note: A small inductance of the printed pattern (oscillator) may enable oscillation by creating LC oscillation at high frequency. In such cases, it appears as if the circuit does not start-up when powered on, however, a small Rx2 of 10 - 20 may solve the problem.
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7
Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability
The check of the start-up and oscillation reliability of the oscillation circuit is done by a verification of the oscillation frequency, oscillation wave form, oscillation voltage, starting voltage and loop gain by variation of temperature and supply voltage. The results of the analysis are summarized in a table to find an area with stable conditions for a reliable oscillation. The first step is to determine the values of the load capacitors and in the second step the start-up and oscillation reliability is checked via the Safety Factor, see chapter 7.3. This Application Note offers two ways to determine the load capacitance. The 'primary way' which is done with a typical sample and the 'advanced way' which is done with a so called 'worst case ceramic resonator' with maximum values of the specified equivalent circuit constants. The advanced way is only performed if the primary way does not result in an acceptable behavior. The appendix includes recommendations for the right composition of external circuits relating to different microcontrollers and ceramic resonators. These recommendations can be used for standard PCBs in a standard environment. For microcontrollers and ceramic resonators where no recommendations are available in the appendix the following description shows a possibility to find the appropriate external circuits for the first prototypes used for evaluation.
Note: The analysis can only be performed for a 2 terminal type ceramic resonator (with no built in loading capacitors). A 3 terminal type with integrated loading capacitors cannot be applied for this analysis because a variation of the loading capacitors can only be performed down to the integrated values and it is not possible to perform the negative resistance method to check the loop gain. Murata uses special 3 terminal type samples for the analysis were the load capacitors are not integrated. If you want to perform a 3 terminal type analysis please contact Murata for help! Note: It is not easy to find a physical ceramic resonator sample having the specified limit conditions in an application system, which is the worst in main response and large spurious. It is possible to simulate the limit conditions in a application system by adding external components to the ceramic resonator but this costs additional analysis efforts. Because of knowing the difficulty getting such a device Murata offers the service of analyzing the customer systems.
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7.1
Primary Way of Proceeding to determine the Load Capacitance
Depending on the available lab equipment there are different strategies to find the appropriate load capacitors in combination with a ceramic resonator. The primary way to determine load capacitance is to check the following characteristics with the parameter of CX1 = CX2 variable:
i Oscillating voltage at XTAL1 and XTAL2 (VPP_XTAL1 and VPP_XTAL2). i Oscillating voltage wave form at XTAL1 which should not be distorted in the range of input
threshold (Vdd / 2).The best form is a sine.
i Starting voltage, the minimum supply voltage that oscillation starts. i Start-up time of the oscillation, tst_up.
The results of the analysis are transferred in a table. An example is shown in the table below. The yellow shaded columns show the range for the recommended values. The matching load capacitances are the column which gives the best values for the above mentioned characteristics:
i High oscillation voltage. Both VPP_XTAL1 and VPP_XTAL2 should be large but inside of the
specification. If VPP is to high than EME can be worse.
i Minimum wave form distortion. i Minimum supply starting voltage. i Minimum start-up time, tst_up.
Note: The measurements should be performed with an oscilloscope including active probes with a small capacitive load and high impedance.
Table 3 Table for Load Capacitance Analysis with an Example of measured Values CX2 = CX1 [pF] VPP_XTAL1 [V] VPP_XTAL2 [V] Wave Form Starting Voltage [V] Start-up Time [sec]
1) 2)
0 5.4 5.4 not ok 2.4 210
10 5.4 5.3 ok 2.3 1801)
15 5.2 5.1 ok 2.3 130
22 5.1 4.9 ok 2.3 100
33 4.9 4.6 ok 2.4 90
47 4.5 4.3 ok 2.7 1302)
68 4.2 4.0 not ok 3.5 1602)
82 3.7 3.4 not ok 4.1 2002)
The start-up time is not constant! The oscillation starts at fundamental for about 50 sec and starts then again in 3rd overtone!
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7.2 Advanced Way of Proceeding to determine the Load Capacitance
If the primary analysis does not result in an acceptable behavior then Murata uses an advanced analysis to find the right composition of external circuits. This analysis is done with typical and worst case samples and the evaluation is done via the stability matrix. The principle of the stability matrix is explained in the next chapter. The analysis sequence shown below starts with a stability matrix for CX1 and CX2 without a damping resistor Rx2 and without an external feedback resistor Rf. If no matching result is found then a stability matrix for CX1 = CX2 and Rx2 has to be generated. If the result also does not fit then a stability matrix for CX1 = CX2 and Rf has to be done. In very seldom cases the steps before show no matching result. Then a stability matrix for a combination of CX1, CX2, Rx2 and Rf has to be generated.
Stability Matrix for CX1 and CX2 OK Results for CX1 and CX2 Stability Matrix for CX1 = CX2 and RX2 OK Results for CX1,2 and RX2 Stability Matrix for CX1 = CX2 and Rf OK Results for CX1,2 and Rf Use other combination of RX2 and/or Rf Stability Matrix for CX1, CX2 with RX2 and/or Rf FAIL FAIL FAIL
Loop gain test (negative resistance analysis)
Figure 5 : Advanced Way to get the right Composition of external Circuits
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7.2.1 Stability Matrix The stability matrix (also called stability oscillation area) is an analysis where the desired values are changed and the results of all analysis are summarized in a table which is called stability matrix. The stability matrices include the following information:
Table 4 Content of the Stability Matrices Symbol CX1, CX2 RX2 Rf Description Values for the load capacitors in pF Damping resistor in k Feed back resistor Recommendable values Stable oscillation, (VDD when oscillation starts) No oscillation Fundamental oscillation 3rd overtone oscillation 5th overtone oscillation LC oscillation oscillation amplitude is to small Wave form distortion of oscillation signal Range 0 - 100 pF 0 - 10 k 10 k - 100 k ----0 V to VDDmax --------------------0.3 VDD VPP_XTAL1 0.7 VDD -----
(ok) or (VDD value) no 1st 3rd 5th LC small ~
For the stability matrix analysis the supply voltage is increased starting from 0V up to VDDmax in very small steps. During that time the parameters for the stability matrix are observed and noted in the stability matrix. For the recommended value () of the stability matrix also the accuracy of frequency, the behavior during variation of temperature, and the start-up time should be measured.
7.2.2 Stability Matrix for the Load Capacitors CX1 and CX2 This stability matrix is used to find the right values for CX1 and CX2. These are the capacitor values needed for the calculation of the ceramic resonator load capacitance. For each possible combination in the stability matrix a measurement and an analysis is performed. Each result is transferred to the stability matrix. After measurement the result ('') for the appropriate CX1 and CX2 values is found when the distance in the stability matrix from stable oscillation to irregular oscillation is large enough.
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Table 5 Example for a Stability Matrix (C L Characteristics) CX2\CX1[pF] 0 4.7 10 15 22 33 47 68 82 100 0 5th 5th 5th 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok 5 5th 5th 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok ok 10 5th 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ~ 15 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ~ ~ 22 ok ok ok ok 33 small ok ok ok ok ok ok ~ 1st 1st 47 small ok ok ok ok ok ok 1st 1st 1st 68 small small ok ok ok ok 1st 1st 1st 1st 82 small small small ok ok 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 100 small small small small 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st
ok ok ok ~ 1st
7.2.3 Stability Matrix for the series damping Resistor Rx2 This stability matrix is used to find an appropriate value for Rx2 if the oscillator circuit shows spurious oscillation and variation of CX1/CX2 does not solve the problem. The way of proceeding is identical to the stability matrix analysis for CX1 and CX2 described in the chapter above. It is recommended to use values for Rx2 within the range of 0 Rx2 10 k. The table below shows an example for a stability matrix with Rx2 characteristics. Table 6 Example for a Stability Matrix (R x2 Characteristics) CX2 = CX1 \ Rx2 0 pF 10 pF 15 pF 22 pF 33 pF 47 pF 82 pF 100 pF 0.1 k 5th 5th 5th ok ok ok ok ok 0.47 k 5th 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok 1 k 5th ok ok ok ok ok ok ~ 2.2 k ok ok ok 5 k ok ok ok ok ok ok ~ 1st 10 k small ok ok ok ok ok 1st 1st
ok ok ~ ~
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7.2.4 Stability Matrix for the external feedback Resistor Rf This stability matrix is used to find an appropriate value for Rf if the oscillator circuit shows spurious oscillation and variation of CX1 = CX2 and Rx2 does not solve the problem. The way of proceeding is identical to the stability matrices described in the chapters above. It is recommended to use values for Rf within the range of 10 k Rf 100k. The table below shows an example for a stability matrix with Rf characteristics. Table 7 : Example for a Stability Matrix (Rf Charcteristics) CX2 = CX1 \ Rf 0 pF 10 pF 15 pF 22 pF 33 pF 47 pF 82 pF 100 pF 10 k ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok 33 k ok ok 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 100 k - 1 M 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st
7.2.5 Stability Matrix for a Combination of CX1, CX2, Rx2 and Rf If the stability matrices for CX\CX2, CX=CX2\Rx2 and CX=CX2\Rf do not result in a reliable oscillation then a stability matrix for a combination of CX1, CX2, Rx2 and Rf has to be performed. Depending on the results of the stability matrices before, two parameters for instance R x2 and Rf are set to fix values and the others CX1 and CX2 are used as variables for the analysis in the two dimensional stability matrix. But this is a very seldom case and is only mentioned for completeness.
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7.3
Analysis of Loop Gain (Safety Factor) with Negative Resistance Method
This well-known method is also used for test of the start-up and oscillation reliability for quartz crystals. The result of this analysis is the safety factor which gives a feeling about the start-up and oscillation reliability. This is important to assess loop gain when the tolerances of all concerned parts of the oscillator get worst case values. Note: The negative resistance method can only be performed with a 2 terminal type ceramic resonator else the result includes only values higher or equal than the integrated ones of the 3 terminal type.
Oscillator Circuit Microcontroller
Equivalent Circuit of Oscillator Circuit
Rfint
-RINV CL CX2
CL
CS CX1
LQ
RL
RQ
Q
RQ
Figure 6 : Equivalent Circuit for Negative Resistance Methode
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7.3.1 Principle of the Negative Resistance Method The oscillator can be divided into the on-chip oscillator-inverter and the external circuitry. The oscillator circuitry can be simplified as shown in figure 6. The load capacitance C L contains CX1, CX2 and the stray capacitance CS. The amplification ability of the oscillator-inverter is replaced with a negative resistance -RINV and the ceramic resonator is replaced with the load resonance resistance RL (effective resistance) and the effective reactance LQ. The condition required for oscillation is:
- R INV R L The negative resistance has to be large enough to cover all possible variation of the oscillator circuitry. This condition is necessary to guarantee a problem-free operation of the oscillator. The negative resistance can be analyzed by connecting a series test resistor RQ to the ceramic resonator (see fig. 5) used to find the maximum value RQmax that remains the circuit still oscillating. RL is the resistance of the ceramic resonator at oscillating frequency and creates the power dissipation. RL can be calculated as shown below. C0is the shunt capacitance of the ceramic resonator. A typical value of the stray capacitance in a normal system is CS = 5 pF.
Negative Resistance:
- R INV = R L + R Qmax
Load Resonance Resistance: (Effective Resistance)
C0 2 R L = R 1 1 + ------CL C X1 C X2 C L = ----------------------------------- + C S ( C X1 + C X2 )
Load Capacitance:
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7.3.2 Procedure of a Loop Gain (Safety Factor) Test in the Application When the values for CX1, CX2, Rx2 and Rf are already qualified then the analysis of the Safety Factor is performed. This is done with a typical ceramic resonator and by variation of temperature and supply voltage. For the analysis VDD of the system (oscillator) is periodically switched on and off as shown in figure 4 of chapter 'Oscillator start-up Time'. The value of RQ is increased until the oscillation does not start any more. From the state of no oscillation RQ is then decreased until oscillation starts again. This final value of RQ (RQmax) is used for further calculations of the Safety Factor SF. The principle how to analyze and calculate the safety factor is shown in ApNote 2420xx. The calculation of the Safety Factor for a ceramic resonator requires also the equivalent circuit constants of the device. Because of knowing the problems to get the real values for the test ceramic resonator this ApNote offers a minimum value for RQ (RQmin). For a rough estimation of the start-up reliability used during evaluation it is sufficient when the measured maximum R Q (RQmax) is at least the value of RQmin shown in the table below. If the primary way results in more different values for the load capacitors then the configuration with the measured maximum RQ resistor is selected for the application.
Table 8 Ceramic Resonator Types and recommended RQmin Type CSA4.00MG CSA8.00MTZ CSA10.0MTZ CSA20.00MXZ040 CSACV20.00MXJ040 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 30 100 30 100 30 100 5 15 30 CSA40.00MXZ040 CSACV40.00MXJ040 5 15 22 RQmin [] 1400 800 500 600 400 300 300 300 200 100 300
Note: The RQmin values in table 8 are only for evaluation systems and show an order of this values. The Safety Factor of the final board for mass production should be verified by Murata.
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8
Oscillator Circuitry Layout Recommendations
The layout of the oscillator circuit is important for the RF and EMC behavior of the design. The use of this recommendation can help to reduce problems caused by the layout. This design recommendation is optimized on EMC and GND noise aspects. For an optimal layout the following items have to be noted:
8.1
Avoid Capacitive Coupling
The crosstalk between oscillator signals and others has to be minimized. Sensitive inputs have to be separated from outputs with a high amplitude. Note: The crosstalk between different layers also has to be analyzed.
8.2
Avoid Parallel Tracks of High Frequency Signals
In order to reduce the crosstalk caused by capacitive or inductive coupling, tracks of high frequency signals should not be routed in parallel (also not on different layers!).
8.3
Ground Supply
The ground supply must be realized on the base of a low impedance. The impedance can be made smaller by using thick and wide ground tracks. Ground loops have to be avoided, because they are working like antennas.
8.4
Noise Reduction on Ground of the Load Capacitors
Noise on the ground track between the load capacitors and the on-chip oscillator ground can have an influence on the duty cycle. This is important for systems running in direct drive mode (oscillator frequency is equal to CPU frequency). Therefore the ground connection of the decoupling capacitance CB (between VDD and VSS of the on-chip oscillator-Inverter) should be between VSS and system ground connection, to suppress noise from system ground.
8.5
Correct Module Placement
Other RF modules should not be placed near the oscillator circuitry in order to prevent them from influencing the ceramic resonator functionality.
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8.6
Layout Examples
Microcontroller
Connection to system VDD Via to system VDD
VDD
Connection to system ground Decoupling capacitance CB on the back side of the PCB CB Via to ground island and system ground
VSS
XTAL1
XTAL2
RX2 GND
Single ground island
2 terminal type ceramic resonator
CX1 CX2
Vias to ground island
Figure 7 Layout Example for a 2 Terminal Type Ceramic Resonator with R X2
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Microcontroller
Connection to system VDD Via to system VDD
VDD
Connection to system ground Decoupling capacitance CB on the back side of the PCB CB Via to ground island and system ground
VSS XTAL1 Single ground island
XTAL2
GND
RX2 can be inserted here
Vias to ground island
3 terminal type ceramic resonator
Figure 8 Layout Example for a 3 Terminal Type Ceramic Resonator without R X2
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9 C0 C1
Used Short Cuts : Shunt capacitance of the ceramic resonator (static capacitance). : Motional capacitance of the ceramic resonator (dynamic capacitance). Mechanical equivalent is the elasticity of the ceramic element. : Load capacitance of the ceramic resonator in the system. : Stray capacitance of the system. : Load capacitors : Decoupling capacitance for VDD and VSS on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB). Depending on the EMC behavior the typ. values are in the range of 22 nF to 100 nF. : Motional inductance of the ceramic resonator (dynamic inductance). Mechanical equivalent is the oscillating mass of the ceramic element. : Effective reactance : Ceramic resonator : Negative resistance: amplification ability of the on-chip oscillator-inverter. : Series resistance of the ceramic resonator (resonance resistance in other technical descriptions also called: 'equivalent series resistance, ESR' or 'transformed series resistance'). Mechanical equivalent is the molecular friction, the damping by mechanical mounting system and acoustical damping by the gas filled housing. : Load resonance resistor (in other technical descriptions also called: 'effective resistance'). : Test resistor for the test of loop gain and calculation of safety level. : Maximum value of the test resistor which does not stop the oscillation. : Resistor which controls the drive level (damping resistor). : Additional external feedback resistor. : Internal feedback resistor. : Safety Factor : Start-up time of the oscillator. : Oscillator off time for measurement of start-up behavior.
CL CS CX1, CX2 CB
L1 LQ Q - RINV R1, Rr
RL RQ RQmax RX2 Rf Rfint SF tst_up toff
L1 Q
C1
R1
C0 Figure 9 Equivalent Circuit of a Ceramic Resonator
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10
Recommendations of the Ceramic Resonator Manufacturer Murata
The preceding chapters have shown the principle of how to find the appropriate values for the circuit components of a ceramic resonator oscillator circuitry which ensure a problem-free operation. Similar tests were done in a cooperation between Infineon Technologies (MD AE) and Murata. Results are available for different Infineon Technologies microcontrollers. The specialists from Murata have done the analyses with the aid of the microcontroller development group of Infineon Technologies. The results of this cooperation are presented in the appendix of this Application Note. The cooperation will be continued and further results will be added to this Application Note step by step. Because of knowing the effort necessary to find the right composition of external circuit and the right type of ceramic resonator, Murata offers the service to check the original PCB of the customer and gives a recommendation for the right type of resonator and appropriate external circuits.
Note: The appendix shows recommendations for the appropriate circuit composition of the oscillator which run in most of all applications but it is recommended to use the service of Murata because every design can have specific influences on the oscillator (noise, layout etc.).
11
General Information using the Appendix
The Appendix includes general recommendations for the right composition of external circuits for the C500 Family and the C166 Family. Each recommendation for the external circuits is only one of more different possibilities. The decision which composition is the right one, is not 'digital' (go or no go) but has to be done in an 'analog' way which offers more different results which fits to the system. Depending on the system demands different criteria have to be considered: safety factor (loop gain), start-up behavior, ceramic resonator specification, frequency, EMC, layout demands etc. These facts are the base for the trade-off which external circuits fit best to the individual application system. The general recommendations in the appendix are based on a safety margin concerning the loading capacitance variation of +/- 50% or more. This is necessary because the appendix includes general recommendations and not recommendations fitting to a specific application. Recommendations for a specific application can only be obtained from an analysis of the respective system (support offered by Murata).
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12
Appendix C500 Family
All derivatives, steps and oscillator-inverter types of the C500 Family shown in the table below are included in the recommendations of the following pages. For each type of oscillator-inverter there is a proposal for the right composition of external circuits referred to different frequencies. Note: The recommendation lists do not always include values for the whole frequency range of the oscillator-inverter. Because these general recommendations are based on a safety margin concerning the loading capacitance variation of +/- 50% or more. An analysis of a specific application can allow a higher frequency for the oscillator-inverter.
12.1 C500 Family: Relation between Device Type, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List
Table 9 C500 Family Derivatives, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List Device SAH-C515C-LM/-8RM SAF-C515C-8EM SAF-C505C-LM SAF-C509-LM SAB80C517A-N18-T3 SAK-C505CA-4EM SAB-C504-2EM SAB-C513A-2RN SAB80C517A-N18 SAB80C537-N T40/110 Step AA A11 AB DB MA AA BB BB LA DB Inverter 1a 1b 2a 2a 2a 2b 3b 5 8 9 List 1a 1b 2a 2a 2a 2b 3b 5 8 9
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12.2 C500 Family: Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 1a.
Table 10 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 1a Device SAH-C515C-LM/-8RM Step AA Oscillator Frequency 2 - 10 MHz
12.2.1 C500 Family: Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter, List 1a
The table below contains the recommendation List 1a for the external circuitry using a Type_1a oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 11 Recommendation List 1a for external circuitry used with a Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter Type_1a Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 1a Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 4 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA10.0MTZ CST10.00MTW CSAC4.00MGC CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV10.0MTJ CSTCC10.0MG CX1 = CX2 [pF] 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (47) 30 (47) 30 (15) Rf [] open open open open open open open open open open open open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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12.3 C500 Family: Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 1b.
Table 12 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 1b Device SAF-C515C-8EM Step A11 Oscillator Frequency 2 - 10 MHz
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12.3.1 C500 Family: Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter, List 1b
The table below contains the recommendation List 1b for the external circuitry using a Type_1b oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 13 Recommendation List 1b for external circuitry used with a Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter Type_1b Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 1b Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2MHz 4MHz 6MHz 8MHz 10MHz 2MHz 4MHz 6MHz 8MHz 10MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA6.00MG CST6.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA10.0MTZ CST10.0MTW CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSAC6.00MGC CSTCC6.00MG CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG CSACV10.0MTJ CSTCC10.0MG CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100pF (100pF) 30pF (30pF) 30pF (30pF) 30pF (30pF) 30pF (30pF) 100pF (30pF) 30pF (47pF) 30pF (15pF) 30pF (15pF) 30pF (15pF) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RX2 [] Package
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12.4 C500 Family: Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 2a.
Table 14 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 2a Device SAF-C509-LM SAF-C505C-LM SAB80C517A-N18-T3 Step DB AB MA Oscillator Frequency 3.5 - 16/20 MHz 2 - 20 MHz 3.5 - 18/24 MHz
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12.4.1 C500 Family: Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter, List 2a
The table below contains the recommendation List 2a for the external circuitry using a Type_2a oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 15 Recommendation List 2a for external circuitry used with a Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 2a Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.00MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW0C3 CSA18.00MXZ040 CSA20.00MXZ040 CSA24.00MXZ040 CST24.00MXW0H1 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100pF (100pF) 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 15 (15) 10 10 5 or 7 (5) Rf [] Open Open open open open open open open open open open open open open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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Table 15 Recommendation List 2a for external circuitry used with a Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter (continued) 2MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CSACV16.00MXJ040 CSACV18.00MXJ040 CSACV20.00MXJ040 CSTCV20.00MXJ0H1 CSACV24.00MXJ040 CSTCV24.00MXJ0H1 100pF (30pF) 30 (47) 30 (47) 30 (22) 7 7 5 (5) 5 (5) Open Open open open open open open open open open open open open open 0 2.2k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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12.5 C500 Family: Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 2b.
Table 16 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 2b Device SAK-C505CA-4EM Step AA Oscillator Frequency 2 - 16/20 MHz
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12.5.1 C500 Family: Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter, List 2b
The table below contains the recommendation List 2b for the external circuitry using a Type_2b oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 17 Recommendation List 2b for external circuitry used with a Type_2b Oscillator-Inverter Type_2a Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 2a Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.00MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW0C3 CSA18.00MXZ040 CST18.00MXW0H3 CSA20.00MXZ040 CST20.00MXW040 CSAC4.00MGC(M) CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CSACV16.00MXJ040 CSACV18.00MXJ040 CSACV20.00MXJ040 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 15 (15) 15 (15) 15 (15) 30 (47) 30 (47) 30 (22) 10 10 7 Rf [] open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RX2 [] Package
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12.6 C500 Family: Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 3b.
Table 18 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 3b Device SAB-C504-2EM Step BB Oscillator Frequency 3.5 - 40 MHz
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12.6.1 C500 Family: Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter, List 3b
The table below contains the recommendation List 3b for the external circuitry using a Type_3b oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 19 Recommendation List 3b for external circuitry used with a Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter Type_3b Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 3b Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 3.5 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz 3.5 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz CSA3.50MG040 CST3.50MGW040 CSA4.00MG040 CST4.00MGW040 CSA8.00MTZ040 CST8.00MTW040 CSA12.0MTZ CST12.0MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW040 CSA20.00MXZ040 CST20.00MXW0H4 CSA24.00MXZ040 CST24.00MXW040 CSA32.00MXZ040 CSA40.00MXZ040 CSAC3.50MGC040 CSTC3.50MG CSAC4.00MGC040 CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ040 CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100pF (100pF) 100pF (100pF) 100pF (100pF) 30pF (30pF) 30pF (30pF) 22pF (22pF) 15pF (15pF) 10pF 7pF 100pF (30pF) 100pF (47pF) 100pF (47pF) 30pF (22pF) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3k 0 680 0 0 0 0 Package
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12.7 C500 Family: Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 5.
Table 20 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 5 Device SAB-C513A-2RN Step BB Oscillator Frequency 3.5 - 12 MHz
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12.7.1 C500 Family: Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter, List 5
The table below contains the recommendation List 5 for the external circuitry using a Type_5 oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 21 Recommendation List 5 for external circuitry used with a Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter Type_5 Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 5 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 4 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 12 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz CSA4.00MG040 CST4.00MGW040 CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA10.0MTZ CST10.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.00MTW CSAC4.00MGC(M)040 CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV10.0MTJ CSTCC10.0MG CSTCC10.0MG0H6 12 MHz CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100 (100) 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 100 (47) 30 (47) 30 (15) (47) 30 (22) Rf [] open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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12.8 C500 Family: Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 8.
Table 22 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 8 Device SAB80C517A-N18 Step LA Oscillator Frequency 3.5 - 18 MHz
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12.8.1 C500 Family: Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter, List 8
The table below contains the recommendation List 1b for the external circuitry using a Type_8 oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 23 Recommendation List 8 for external circuitry used with a Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter Type_8 Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 8 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.00MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CSA18.00MXZ040 CSAC4.00MGC(M) CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CSACV16.00MXJ040 CSTCV16.0MXJ0C1 CSACV18.00MXJ040 CSTCV18.0MXJ0C1 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 7 7 30 (47) 30 (15) 30 (22) 5 (5) 5 (5) Rf [] open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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12.9 C500 Family: Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List 9.
Table 24 C500 Family Derivatives including a Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List 9 Device SAB80C537-N T40/110 Step DB Oscillator Frequency 3.5 - 16 MHz
12.9.1 C500 Family: Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter, List 9
The table below contains the recommendation List 9 for the external circuitry using a Type_9 oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 25 Recommendation List 9 for external circuitry used with a Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter Type_9 Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List 9 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.00MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CSAC4.00MGC(M) CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CSACV16.00MXJ040 CSTCV16.0MXJ0C1 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 10 30 (47) 30 (15) 30 (22) 5 (5) Rf [] open open open open open open open open open open open open open open open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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13
Appendix C166 Family
All derivatives, steps and oscillator-inverter types of the C166 Family shown in the table below are included in the recommendations of the following pages. For each type of oscillator-inverter there is a proposal for the right composition of external circuits referred to different frequencies. Depending on the technology of the devices there are different recommendation lists for one inverter type. Note: The recommendation lists do not always include values for the whole frequency range of the oscillator-inverter. Because these general recommendations are based on a safety margin concerning the loading capacitance variation of +/- 50% or more. An analysis of a specific application can allow a higher frequency for the oscillator-inverter.
13.1 C166 Family: Relation between Device Type, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List
Table 26 C166 Family Derivatives, Oscillator-Inverter Type and Recommendation List Device SAx-C163-16F25F SAx-C165-LF SAx-C165-LM SAx-C167-LM SAx-C167S-4RM SAx-C167SR-LM SAx-C167CR-LM SAx-C167CR-4RM SAx-C167CR-16RM SAx C161RI-L16F / L16M SAx C161RI-L16F / L16M SAx C164CI Step AA, BA, BB CA CA BA, BB, BC, BD AA,BA, BB, DA, DB BA, BB, CA, CB, DA, DB BA, BB, BE, CA, CB, DA, DB AA, AB, AC, DA, DB AA AA BA, BB BA, BB, BC Inverter Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_R Type_LP1 Type_LP2 Type_LP2 List R_1 R_2 R_2 R_3 R_3 R_3 R_3 R_3 R_3 LP1/2 LP1/2 LP1/2
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13.2 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (1)
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List R_1.
Table 27 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List R_1 Device SAx-C163-16F25F Step AA, BA, BB Oscillator Frequency 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz
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13.2.1 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_1
The table below contains the recommendation List R_1 for the external circuitry using a Type_R oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 28 Recommendation List R_1 for external circuitry used with a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter Type_R Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List R_1 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG040 CST4.00MGW040 CSA8.00MTZ040 CST8.00MTW040 CSA12.0MTZ CST12.0MTW CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW040 CSA20.00MXZ040 CST20.00MXW0H4 CSA24.00MXZ040 CSA32.00MXZ040 CSA40.00MXZ040 CST40.00MXW040 CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC040 CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ040 CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100 (100) 100 (100) 100 (100) 30 (30) 30 (30) 22 (22) 10 7 5 (5 ) 100 (30) 100 (47) 100 (47) 30 (22) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open RX2 [] 680 680 220 220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 680 6.8 k 220 680 0 0 0 0 Package
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13.3 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (2)
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List R_2.
Table 29 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List R_2 Device SAx-C165-LF SAx-C165-LM Step CA CA Oscillator Frequency 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz
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13.3.1 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_2
The table below contains the recommendation List R_2 for the external circuitry using a Type_R oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 30 Recommendation List R_2 for external circuitry used with a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter Type_R Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List R_2 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG040 CST4.00MGW040 CSA8.00MTZ040 CST8.00MTW040 CSA12.0MTZ040 CST12.0MTW040 CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW040 CSA20.00MXZ040 CST20.00MXW0H4 CSA24.00MXZ040 CSA32.00MXZ040 CSA40.00MXZ040 CST40.00MXW040 CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC040 CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ040 CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100 (100) 100 (100) 100 (100) 100 (100) 30 (30) 22 (22) 10 7 5 (5) 100 (30) 100 (47) 100 (47) 30 (22) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open RX2 [] 680 680 470 470 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 680 10k 470 1.5k 0 470 470 470 Package
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13.4 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter (3)
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List R_3.
Table 31 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List R_3 Device SAx-C167-LM SAx-C167S-4RM SAx-C167SR-LM SAx-C167CR-LM SAx-C167CR-4RM SAx-C167CR-16RM Step BA, BB, BC, BD AA,BA, BB, DA, DB BA, BB, CA, CB, DA, DB BA, BB, BE, CA, CB, DA, DB AA, AB, AC, DA, DB AA Oscillator Frequency 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz 3,5 - 24 (40) MHz
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13.4.1 C166 Family: Type_R Oscillator-Inverter, List R_3
The table below contains the recommendation List R_3 for the external circuitry using a Type_R oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 32 Recommendation List R_3 for external circuitry used with a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter Type_R Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List R_3 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG040 CST4.00MGW040 CSA8.00MTZ040 CST8.00MTW040 CSA12.0MTZ040 CST12.0MTW040 CSA16.00MXZ040 CST16.00MXW040 CSA20.00MXZ040 CST20.00MXW0H4 CSA24.00MXZ040 CSA32.00MXZ040 CSA40.00MXZ040 CST40.00MXW040 CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC040 CSTCC4.00MG0H6 CSACV8.00MTJ040 CSTCC8.00MG0H6 CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100 (100) 100 (100) 100 (100) 100 (100) 30 (30) 22 (22) 10 7 5 (5) 100 (30) 100 (47) 100 (47) 30 (22) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open RX2 [] 680 680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 680 10k 0 680 0 0 220 220 Package
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13.5 C166 Family: Type_LP1 / Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below shows the derivatives which are compatible to the recommendation List LP1/2.
Table 33 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_LP1 / Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter compatible to List LP1/2 Device SAx C161RI-L16F / L16M SAx C161RI-L16F / L16M SAx C164CI AA BA, BB BA, BB, BC Step Oscillator Frequency 3,5 - 16 MHz 3,5 - 16 MHz 3,5 - 16 MHz
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13.5.1 C166 Family: Type_LP1 / Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter, List LP1/2
The table below contains the recommendation List LP1/2 for the external circuitry using a Type_LP1 or Type_LP2 oscillator-inverter referred to different frequencies and different ceramic resonator types. The ceramic resonator types with values in parentheses are 3 terminal types (with built in load capacitors). Table 34 Recommendation List LP1/2 for external circuitry used with a Type_LP1 or Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter Type_LP1 or Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter: Recommendation List LP1/2 Frequency Ceramic Resonator Type 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz CSA2.00MG040 CST2.00MG040 CSA4.00MG CST4.00MGW CSA8.00MTZ CST8.00MTW CSA12.0MTZ CST12.0MTW CSAC2.00MGC040 CSTC2.00MG CSAC4.00MGC CSTCC4.00MG CSACV8.00MTJ CSTCC8.00MG CSACV12.0MTJ CSTCV12.0MTJ0C4 CX1 = CX2 [pF] 100 (100) 30 (30) 30 (30) 30 (30) 100 (30) 30 (15) 30 (15) 30 (22) Rf [] Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open RX2 [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 k 0 0 0 0 0 0 Package
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14
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